What is the mechanism of nitration of toluene?
In “aromatic nitration,” aromatic organic compounds are nitrated via an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism involving the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring on the nitronium ion. The formation of a nitronium ion (the electrophile) from nitric acid and sulfuric acid is shown below.
What is the mechanism involved in nitration?
The mechanism for nitration of benzene: Step 1: Nitric acid accepts a proton from sulphuric acid and then dissociates to form nitronium ion. Step 2: The nitronium ion acts as an electrophile in the process which further reacts with benzene to form an arenium ion.
What are the reagents in nitration?
The key reagent for nitration is nitric acid, HNO3. By itself, nitric acid is a relatively slow-acting electrophile, especially in the presence of a poor nucleophile such as benzene. [Note – in the case of phenol and other aromatic rings with strongly activating groups, HNO3 by itself is sufficient for nitration].
What type of reaction is nitration of toluene?
Hint: Before answering this question, we should know that nitration of Toluene involves electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves addition of nitrate in ortho and meta position of an aromatic compound.
Why is sulfuric acid a catalyst for nitration?
Furthermore, sulphuric acid bonds with water, resulting from the nitration reaction, thus ensuring that practically all of the nitric acid is used for nitration.
Which of the following acts as a catalyst in the nitration of benzene?
The concentrated sulfuric acid is acting as a catalyst.
Why H2SO4 is used in nitration?
In the protonation of nitric acid by sulfuric acid, the source of the nitronium ion induces the removal of a water molecule and the creation of a nitronium ion. The first step in benzene nitration is to activate HNO3 with sulfuric acid to create a nitronium ion, a stronger electrophile.
What is the role of catalyst in electrophilic substitution reaction in benzene?
What is the role of catalyst in electrophilic substitution reactions? The catalyst helps to generate an electrophile from the attacking reagent. For example, ferric chloride (electron deficient) is used as a catalyst in the chlorination of benzene.
What is the role of sulphuric acid in the nitration of nitrobenzene?
Sulfuric Acid Activation of Nitric Acid The first step in the nitration of benzene is to activate HNO3with sulfuric acid to produce a stronger electrophile, the nitronium ion. Because the nitronium ion is a good electrophile, it is attacked by benzene to produce Nitrobenzene.
Is h2so4 a catalyst in nitration of benzene?
In nitration of benzene, sulphuric acid is used as catalyst and it forms nitronium ion which attacks on benzene ring and nitrobenzene forms.
Which catalyst is used in nitration?
Concentrated H2SO4
1 INTRODUCTION. Nitration is an important chemical reaction widely used in commercial manufacturing of various nitro-aromatics. Concentrated H2SO4 has been currently used as the most effective and efficient catalyst in a large-scale liquid phase nitration process.
Is H2SO4 a catalyst in nitration?
The concentrated sulphuric acid is acting as a catalyst. The electrophile is the “nitronium ion” or the “nitryl cation”, NO2+. This is formed by reaction between the nitric acid and the sulphuric acid.
Why is sulfuric acid necessary for nitration of aromatic rings?
Sulfuric acid is needed in order for a good electrophile to form. Sulfuric acid protonates nitric acid to form the nitronium ion (water molecule is lost). The nitronium ion is a very good electrophile and is open to attack by benzene. Without sulfuric acid the reaction would not occur.