What is the multiple hit theory of schizophrenia?
A concept called the dual hit hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that genetic susceptibility (first hit) may prime the individual to become more responsive to environmental insults early or later in life (second hit) (Bayer et al., 1999; Maynard et al., 2001).
Is there a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is known to be highly heritable with up to 80% of the variance explained by additive genetic effects,25 and as sample sizes have increased a growing number of genetic risk variants have been identified.
How do environmental factors cause schizophrenia?
Environmental factors that have been repeatedly investigated and often associated with SZ include: obstetric complications, infections, winter or spring birth, migration, urban living, childhood adversity, and cannabis use.
How does paranoid schizophrenia differ from disorganized schizophrenia?
Paranoid schizophrenia was characterized by being preoccupied with one or more delusions or having frequent auditory hallucinations. It did not involve disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, or a lack of emotion.
What is the two-hit hypothesis in psychology?
The two-hit hypothesis for schizophrenia suggests that a prenatal genetic or environmental “first hit” disrupts some aspect of brain development, and establishes increased vulnerability to a second hit that may occur later in life (figure 1, bottom).
What are the phenotypes of schizophrenia?
The phenotypes of schizophrenia, defined by symptoms, psychological, electrophysiologic, biochemical, or physiologic (ie, rCBF) characteristics are being proposed. The sorting of these phenotypes into biologically and pharmacologically meaningful groups is ongoing.
Are there any early warning signs of schizophrenia?
The most common early warning signs include: Depression, social withdrawal. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism. Deterioration of personal hygiene. Flat, expressionless gaze.
What chemical in the brain causes schizophrenia?
Research suggests schizophrenia may be caused by a change in the level of 2 neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin. Some studies indicate an imbalance between the 2 may be the basis of the problem. Others have found a change in the body’s sensitivity to the neurotransmitters is part of the cause of schizophrenia.
How does childhood trauma cause schizophrenia?
Childhood trauma is associated with impaired working memory, executive function, verbal learning, and attention in schizophrenia patients, including those at ultra-high risk to develop psychosis.
What is the prodromal phase of psychosis?
The prodromal phase is the period during which the individual is experiencing changes in feelings, thought, perceptions and behaviour although they have not yet started experiencing clear psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions or thought disorder.
How Can schizophrenia be treated?
Schizophrenia is usually treated with an individually tailored combination of talking therapy and medicine. Most people with schizophrenia are treated by community mental health teams (CMHTs). The goal of the CMHT is to provide day-to-day support and treatment while ensuring you have as much independence as possible.
Which of the following individuals has the highest risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia?
The risk for schizophrenia has been found to be somewhat higher in men than in women, with the incidence risk ratio being 1.3–1.4. Schizophrenia tends to develop later in women, but there do not appear to be any differences between men and women in the earliest symptoms and signs during the prodromal phase.
What was the primary reason DSM created?
The Need for Classification The origins of the DSM date back to 1840 — when the government wanted to collect data on mental illness.
Why does childhood trauma lead to schizophrenia?
In a theory of mind task reflecting social cognition, childhood trauma was associated with activation of the posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia.
Can you see schizophrenia in a brain scan?
Can a brain scan show schizophrenia? It is not currently possible to determine that a person has schizophrenia simply by looking at a brain scan, but certain changes in the brain that can be observed on a brain scan have been associated with schizophrenia.
What did Thomas Graham do for a living?
Thomas Graham, (born Dec. 20, 1805, Glasgow, Scot.—died Sept. 11, 1869, London, Eng.), British chemist often referred to as “the father of colloid chemistry.” Educated in Scotland, Graham persisted in becoming a chemist, though his father disapproved and withdrew his support. He then made his living by writing and teaching.
Why did Graham become a student at the University of Glasgow?
Graham’s father was a successful textile manufacturer, and wanted his son to enter into the Church of Scotland. Instead, defying his father’s wishes, Graham became a student at the University of Glasgow in 1819.
Where did Graham become a chemist?
Educated in Scotland, Graham persisted in becoming a chemist, though his father disapproved and withdrew his support. He then made his living by writing and teaching. He was a professor at a school in Edinburgh (1830–37) and at University College, London (1837–55), and was master of the mint (1855–69).
Where was Graham born and educated?
Graham was born in Glasgow, and educated at the High School of Glasgow. Graham’s father was a successful textile manufacturer, and wanted his son to enter into the Church of Scotland.